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Free Throws
The free_throws section in the markings response contains shooting mechanics data for every free throw attempt, similar to jump shot data but without jump-related fields.
Overview
Free throw mechanics data mirrors jump shot mechanics data in structure, with checkpoints, ball position, timing, and joint angle data. Since players typically don't jump during free throws, the jump-related checkpoints and metrics are excluded.
Sample Response
json
{
"markings": {
"free_throws": [
{
"ball_height_relative_to_neck_at_min_hips_in": 4.14,
"ball_in_hands_sec": 1.1,
"ball_in_hands_to_min_hips_sec": 0.67,
"ball_release_height_in": 99.09,
"ball_velocity_after_release_inches_per_sec": 244.28,
"ball_velocity_min_ball_to_set_inches_per_sec": 51.11,
"ball_velocity_set_to_release_inches_per_sec": 94.52,
"distance_to_center_of_rim_2d": 7.03,
"elbow_relative_to_ball_at_release_forward_back_inches": 2.65,
"elbow_relative_to_ball_at_release_side_to_side_inches": 2.94,
"elbow_relative_to_ball_at_set_forward_back_inches": 11.16,
"elbow_relative_to_ball_at_set_side_to_side_inches": 5.77,
"entry_angle": 42.1,
"entry_speed_inches_per_sec": 209.49,
"first_ball_in_hands_he_frame": 56383,
"first_ball_in_hands_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:14.201+00:00",
"first_frame_non_shooting_wrist_below_eye": 56616,
"first_frame_shooting_wrist_below_eye": 56622,
"first_non_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_he_frame": 56616,
"first_non_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:18.084+00:00",
"first_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_he_frame": 56622,
"first_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:18.184+00:00",
"free_throw_id_ctg": "free_throw_b476f695d74a148454e2e4a0a84ae6b6",
"free_three_num_in_trip": 1,
"free_throws_attempted_in_trip": 2,
"free_throws_made_in_trip": 1,
"game_id_nba": "0022500404",
"hand_closest_to_ball_on_release": "right",
"hip_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_first_ball_in_hands": 15.5,
"hip_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_min_hips": 21.89,
"hip_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_release": 26.78,
"hip_turn_from_min_hips_to_release": 4.89,
"is_made": false,
"last_ball_in_hands_he_frame": 56449,
"last_ball_in_hands_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:15.301+00:00",
"left_hip_bend_angle_at_min_ball": 132.11,
"left_hip_bend_angle_at_min_hips": 142.79,
"left_knee_bend_angle_at_min_ball": 143.45,
"left_knee_bend_angle_at_min_hips": 126.6,
"location_relative_to_hoop_center_x": 1.09,
"location_relative_to_hoop_center_y": 6.94,
"min_ball_height_ball_position_forward_to_back_in": 25.18,
"min_ball_height_ball_position_side_to_side_in": 0.06,
"min_ball_height_he_frame": 56383,
"min_ball_height_relative_to_hips_in": 0.85,
"min_ball_height_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:14.201+00:00",
"min_hips_height_he_frame": 56423,
"min_hips_height_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:14.868+00:00",
"nba_game_id": "0022500404",
"nba_player_id": 202691,
"neck_relative_to_feet_midpoint_at_release_xy_distance_in": 2.61,
"neck_relative_to_knee_midpoint_at_release_xy_distance_in": 3.02,
"neck_relative_to_mid_hip_at_release_xy_distance_in": 2.42,
"non_shooting_wrist_above_eye_after_release_sec": 2.88,
"non_shooting_wrist_below_eye_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:18.084+00:00",
"pbp_event_id": 113,
"player_id_nba": 202691,
"release_angle": 47.22,
"release_frame": 56449,
"release_height_above_min_ball_height_in": 59.91,
"release_height_above_nose_in": 24.17,
"release_point_ball_position_forward_to_back_in": 4.56,
"release_point_ball_position_side_to_side_in": -3.27,
"release_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:15.301+00:00",
"right_hip_bend_angle_at_min_ball": 130.16,
"right_hip_bend_angle_at_min_hips": 145.52,
"right_knee_bend_angle_at_min_ball": 135.13,
"right_knee_bend_angle_at_min_hips": 122.14,
"rim_depth": 0.76,
"rim_left_right": 6.99,
"set_height_above_min_ball_height_in": 43.96,
"set_point_ball_position_forward_to_back_in": -2.57,
"set_point_ball_position_side_to_side_in": -1.79,
"set_point_frame": 56438,
"set_point_he_frame": 56438,
"set_point_height_above_nose_in": 12.46,
"set_point_height_in": 83.13,
"set_point_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:15.118+00:00",
"set_to_release_sec": 0.18,
"shooting_elbow_flare_angle_at_set_point": 19.6,
"shooting_elbow_shoulder_hip_angle_at_set_point": 121.8,
"shooting_elbow_shoulder_hoop_angle_at_set_point": -2.09,
"shooting_wrist_above_eye_after_release_sec": 2.78,
"shooting_wrist_below_eye_wall_clock": "2025-12-23T01:26:18.184+00:00",
"shooting_wrist_elbow_shoulder_angle_at_set_point": 88.6,
"shoulder_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_first_ball_in_hands": 10.1,
"shoulder_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_min_hips": 13.03,
"shoulder_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_release": 24.02,
"shoulder_turn_from_min_hips_to_release": 10.99,
"vertical_shoulder_tilt_at_min_hips": -2.13,
"wrist_relative_to_ball_at_release_forward_back_inches": 2.32,
"wrist_relative_to_ball_at_release_side_to_side_inches": -0.24,
"wrist_relative_to_ball_at_set_forward_back_inches": 5.26,
"wrist_relative_to_ball_at_set_side_to_side_inches": 0.72
}
]
}
}Fields
Identifiers
free_throw_id_ctg
Type: string
CTG-generated unique identifier for this free throw event
game_id_nba
Type: string
NBA game ID
nba_game_id deprecated
Type: string
NBA game ID
Deprecated
Use game_id_nba instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
player_id_nba
Type: integer
NBA player ID of the shooter
nba_player_id deprecated
Type: integer
NBA player ID of the shooter
Deprecated
Use player_id_nba instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
pbp_event_id
Type: integer
Play-by-play event ID (i.e. NGSS ID) for this free throw
Outcome
is_made
Type: boolean
true if the free throw was made
free_three_num_in_trip
Type: integer
Which free throw this was within its trip. For example, the first free throw in a two-shot trip is 1, and the second is 2.
free_throws_made_in_trip
Type: integer
Total number of made free throws in the free throw trip this free throw belongs to
free_throws_attempted_in_trip
Type: integer
Total number of attempted free throws in the free throw trip this free throw belongs to
Checkpoints
Fields ending in _he_frame are Hawk-Eye frame numbers (60 FPS), and corresponding _wall_clock fields are UTC timestamps.
first_ball_in_hands_he_frame
Type: integer
First frame where shooter has both hands on the ball continuously until release
NOTE
This frame may be well before the actual shooting motion if the player has the ball in both hands the entire time. For example, if the shooter catches and holds the ball for a while and then goes into their shooting motion, this frame would be multiple seconds before the shooting motion begins.
first_ball_in_hands_wall_clock
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
min_ball_height_he_frame
Type: integer
Frame where ball is at lowest height before upward motion into shot
min_ball_height_wall_clock
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
min_hips_height_he_frame
Type: integer
Frame where mid hips are at lowest height before upward motion
min_hips_height_wall_clock
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
set_point_he_frame
Type: integer
Our estimate for the "set point" of the shot. We define this as the point in which the ball is furthest back away from the rim before it starts going forward towards the rim.
set_point_frame deprecated
Type: integer
Our estimate for the "set point" of the shot
Deprecated
Use set_point_he_frame instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
set_point_wall_clock
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
last_ball_in_hands_he_frame
Type: integer
Our estimate for the "release point" of the shot. This is the first frame where we are confident the ball is not touching either hand.
release_frame deprecated
Type: integer
Our estimate for the "release point" of the shot
Deprecated
Use last_ball_in_hands_he_frame instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
last_ball_in_hands_wall_clock
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
release_wall_clock deprecated
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
Deprecated
Use last_ball_in_hands_wall_clock instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
first_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_he_frame
Type: integer
First frame where shooting wrist drops below eye level after release
first_frame_shooting_wrist_below_eye deprecated
Type: integer
First frame where shooting wrist drops below eye level after release
Deprecated
Use first_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_he_frame instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
first_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_wall_clock
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
shooting_wrist_below_eye_wall_clock deprecated
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
Deprecated
Use first_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_wall_clock instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
first_non_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_he_frame
Type: integer
First frame where non-shooting wrist drops below eye level after release
first_frame_non_shooting_wrist_below_eye deprecated
Type: integer
First frame where non-shooting wrist drops below eye level after release
Deprecated
Use first_non_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_he_frame instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
first_non_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_wall_clock
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
non_shooting_wrist_below_eye_wall_clock deprecated
Type: string
UTC timestamp of the above frame
Deprecated
Use first_non_shooting_wrist_below_eye_after_release_wall_clock instead. This field will be removed in a future version.
Shot Mechanics
General Metrics
hand_closest_to_ball_on_release
Type: string
Whether the left or right hand is closer to the center of the ball at release. This is almost always the shooting hand of the shooter, so it is a good way to filter these metrics based on the shooter's handedness.
release_angle
Type: float | Unit: degrees
The angle the ball is released at from the shooter's hands, in degrees. 90 degrees would be straight up in the air, 0 degrees would be in a straight line parallel to the ground. This is calculated between the release frame and 1/6th of a second later.
Ball Position
min_ball_height_relative_to_hips_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
How many inches above the shooter's mid hip joint the ball is at the min_ball_height_he_frame, i.e. when the ball is at its lowest point before the upward motion into the shot.
ball_release_height_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Ball height above ground at release
release_height_above_nose_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Ball height above shooter's nose at release
set_point_height_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Ball height above ground at set point
set_point_height_above_nose_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Ball height above shooter's nose at set point
ball_height_relative_to_neck_at_min_hips_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
How many inches the ball is above the neck at the min_hips_height_he_frame, when the hips are at their lowest point before the upward motion into the shot.
release_height_above_min_ball_height_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
How many inches the ball is released above the height of the ball at the min_ball_height_he_frame, i.e. when the ball is at its lowest point before the upward motion into the shot.
set_height_above_min_ball_height_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
How much higher the ball is at the set point vs. the min_ball_height_he_frame.
Ball Position (Side to Side)
Positive = left of nose, negative = right.
set_point_ball_position_side_to_side_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
How many inches the ball is to the left or right of the nose at the set point. Positive values are to the left, negative values to the right.
min_ball_height_ball_position_side_to_side_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
How many inches the ball is to the left or right of the nose at the min_ball_height_he_frame. Positive values are to the left, negative values to the right.
release_point_ball_position_side_to_side_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
How many inches the ball is to the left or right of the nose at release. Positive values are to the left, negative values to the right.
Ball Position (Forward to Back)
set_point_ball_position_forward_to_back_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Ball distance in front of nose at set point
min_ball_height_ball_position_forward_to_back_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Ball distance in front of nose at min ball height
release_point_ball_position_forward_to_back_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Ball distance in front of nose at release
Shot Timing
ball_in_hands_sec
Type: float | Unit: seconds
Duration from first ball in hands to release
set_to_release_sec
Type: float | Unit: seconds
Duration from set point to release
ball_in_hands_to_min_hips_sec
Type: float | Unit: seconds
Duration from first ball in hands to min hips
shooting_wrist_above_eye_after_release_sec
Type: float | Unit: seconds
How many seconds the shooting hand remained above the shooter's eye level after release. This can help with measuring a player holding their follow through.
non_shooting_wrist_above_eye_after_release_sec
Type: float | Unit: seconds
How many seconds the non-shooting hand (aka guide hand) remained above the shooter's eye level after release.
Ball Velocity
ball_velocity_min_ball_to_set_inches_per_sec
Type: float | Unit: in/sec
How many inches the ball traveled from the min_ball_height_he_frame to the set point divided by how many seconds elapsed in that time.
ball_velocity_set_to_release_inches_per_sec
Type: float | Unit: in/sec
How many inches the ball traveled from the set point to release divided by how many seconds elapsed in that time.
ball_velocity_after_release_inches_per_sec
Type: float | Unit: in/sec
How many inches the ball traveled from release to 1/6th of a second later divided by how many seconds elapsed in that time.
Joint Angles
Shoulder Tilt
vertical_shoulder_tilt_at_min_hips
Type: float | Unit: degrees
A measurement of how tilted to the right or left the shoulders are at the min_hips_height_he_frame. 0 degrees means parallel to the ground, 90 degrees would mean the shoulders are stacked vertically, one on top of the other (i.e. the player is sideways in the air). Negative values mean the right shoulder is higher than the left, positive values mean the left shoulder is higher than the right.
Hip Facing (relative to rim)
0° = facing rim, 90° = facing left of rim, -90° = facing right.
hip_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_first_ball_in_hands
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Hip angle at first ball in hands
hip_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_min_hips
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Hip angle at min hips
hip_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_release
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Hip angle at release
hip_turn_from_min_hips_to_release
Type: float | Unit: degrees
The difference in the hip facing angle from the min_hips_height_he_frame to release. A positive number means the player rotated to the left, a negative number means they rotated to the right.
Shoulder Facing (relative to rim)
shoulder_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_first_ball_in_hands
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Shoulder angle at first ball in hands
shoulder_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_min_hips
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Shoulder angle at min hips
shoulder_facing_angle_relative_to_rim_at_release
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Shoulder angle at release
shoulder_turn_from_min_hips_to_release
Type: float | Unit: degrees
The difference in the shoulder facing angle from the min_hips_height_he_frame to release. A positive number means the player rotated to the left, a negative number means they rotated to the right.
Knee Bend
Angle formed by hip, knee, and ankle.
left_knee_bend_angle_at_min_hips
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Left knee angle at min hips
left_knee_bend_angle_at_min_ball
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Left knee angle at min ball height
right_knee_bend_angle_at_min_hips
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Right knee angle at min hips
right_knee_bend_angle_at_min_ball
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Right knee angle at min ball height
Hip Bend
Angle formed by shoulder, hip, and knee.
left_hip_bend_angle_at_min_hips
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Left hip angle at min hips
left_hip_bend_angle_at_min_ball
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Left hip angle at min ball height
right_hip_bend_angle_at_min_hips
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Right hip angle at min hips
right_hip_bend_angle_at_min_ball
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Right hip angle at min ball height
Shooting Arm Position
At Set Point
shooting_wrist_elbow_shoulder_angle_at_set_point
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Angle formed by wrist, elbow, shoulder (from the side).
shooting_elbow_shoulder_hip_angle_at_set_point
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Angle formed by elbow, shoulder, hip.
shooting_elbow_shoulder_hoop_angle_at_set_point
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Measures where the elbow is pointing relative to the hoop. This tells you the angle formed by the shooting elbow, shooting shoulder, and hoop at the set point, where 0 degrees would be aiming straight at the rim, negative is to the left of the rim and positive to the right.
shooting_elbow_flare_angle_at_set_point
Type: float | Unit: degrees
How flared out or in is the shooting elbow relative to the shoulders at the set point. 0 degrees would mean the elbow is directly in line with the way the shoulders are pointing, a positive number means it's flared out away from the center of the body (regardless of whether it's the left or right arm), a negative number would mean it's pointed in toward the center of the body.
Elbow/Wrist Relative to Ball
elbow_relative_to_ball_at_set_forward_back_inches
Type: float | Unit: inches
Viewed from above, how far in front of or behind the center of the ball is the elbow at the set point. The forward-back axis here is the line from the center of the ball to the center of the rim.
elbow_relative_to_ball_at_set_side_to_side_inches
Type: float | Unit: inches
Viewed from above, how far to the left or right of the center of the ball is the elbow at the set point. The side-to-side axis here is the line perpendicular to the line from the center of the ball to the center of the rim. Negative is to the left of the ball, positive is to the right.
elbow_relative_to_ball_at_release_forward_back_inches
Type: float | Unit: inches
Viewed from above, how far in front of or behind the center of the ball is the elbow at the release point. The forward-back axis here is the line from the center of the ball to the center of the rim.
elbow_relative_to_ball_at_release_side_to_side_inches
Type: float | Unit: inches
Viewed from above, how far to the left or right of the center of the ball is the elbow at the release point. The side-to-side axis here is the line perpendicular to the line from the center of the ball to the center of the rim. Negative is to the left of the ball, positive is to the right.
wrist_relative_to_ball_at_set_forward_back_inches
Type: float | Unit: inches
Viewed from above, how far in front of or behind the center of the ball is the wrist at the set point. The forward-back axis here is the line from the center of the ball to the center of the rim.
wrist_relative_to_ball_at_set_side_to_side_inches
Type: float | Unit: inches
Viewed from above, how far to the left or right of the center of the ball is the wrist at the set point. The side-to-side axis here is the line perpendicular to the line from the center of the ball to the center of the rim. Negative is to the left of the ball, positive is to the right.
wrist_relative_to_ball_at_release_forward_back_inches
Type: float | Unit: inches
Viewed from above, how far in front of or behind the center of the ball is the wrist at the release point. The forward-back axis here is the line from the center of the ball to the center of the rim.
wrist_relative_to_ball_at_release_side_to_side_inches
Type: float | Unit: inches
Viewed from above, how far to the left or right of the center of the ball is the wrist at the release point. The side-to-side axis here is the line perpendicular to the line from the center of the ball to the center of the rim. Negative is to the left of the ball, positive is to the right.
Balance Metrics
neck_relative_to_feet_midpoint_at_release_xy_distance_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Imagine looking at a player from straight overhead as they release their shot. This field measures the two-dimensional distance (ignoring the height distance) between the player's neck and the point in between their left and right ankles. A player standing straight up and down would have their neck right over their ankles (and a distance close to 0), while a player leaning back would have their neck much further from their ankles.
neck_relative_to_knee_midpoint_at_release_xy_distance_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
2D distance from neck to midpoint between knees
neck_relative_to_mid_hip_at_release_xy_distance_in
Type: float | Unit: inches
Imagine looking at a player from straight overhead as they release their shot. This field measures the two-dimensional distance (ignoring the height distance) between the player's neck and the point in between their left and right hips. A player standing straight up and down would have their neck right over their hips (and a distance close to 0), while a player leaning back would have their neck much further from their hips.
Rim Contact Metrics
Where and how the ball entered (or missed) the basket.
location_relative_to_hoop_center_x
Type: float | Unit: inches
X coordinate of ball with hoop center as origin
location_relative_to_hoop_center_y
Type: float | Unit: inches
Y coordinate of ball with hoop center as origin
distance_to_center_of_rim_2d
Type: float | Unit: inches
2D distance from rim center at entry
entry_angle
Type: float | Unit: degrees
Ball entry angle. 90° = straight down
entry_speed_inches_per_sec
Type: float | Unit: in/sec
Ball speed at basket entry
rim_depth
Type: float | Unit: inches
How far forward/back from rim center. Positive = long, negative = short
rim_left_right
Type: float | Unit: inches
How far left/right from rim center. Positive = right
Related Data
- Jump Shots — Similar mechanics data for jump shots during gameplay